CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES THAT OCCURRED DURING THE TRIP PROVIDED BY MALANG TOURISM INFORMATION CENTER AND STRATEGIES TO COPE WITH IT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.alphabet.2021.04.01.03Keywords:
cross-cultural differences, Malang, tour guide, tourismAbstract
This study aimed to find out what were the types of cross-cultural differences that occurred during the open-trip services that was provided by Malang Tourism Information Center and how the tour guides deal with it. The research was conducted by observing the interaction of the tour guide and the guests during the trip. The observation was conducted for three months from January to March 2020. The participants of this research were a female tour guide and several foreign guests that came from several different countries. The data showed that cross-cultural differences that occurred were in the form of Ethnic Culture, Universal Culture, and Individual Culture. Language and punctuality became the most obvious barriers as the guests sometimes did not share similar language for communication as well as similar point of view about the punctuality. The tour guides used listening and respecting differences strategies to cope with the conflicts that occurred. These two methods were also effective in preventing problems due misunderstanding that were caused by the cross-cultural differences.
References
Alam, J., Rasheduzzaman, M. (2018). Cross-cultural project on human resource management: an overview. International Journal of Science and Business, 2(2), 101-114. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1183295
Alhowaish, K. A. (2016). Is tourism development a sustainable economic growth strategy in the long run? evidence from GCC countries. Sustainability, 8, 605. 1-10. DOI:10.3390/su8070605
Anjayani, P. (2016). Error analysis on the use of prepositions in students’ writing (a case study of the eleventh grade students of sma negeri 9 Semarang in the academic year of 2014/2015). Journal of English Language Teaching, 5(2), 1-6. Retrieved from: https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/elt/article/view/11227
Back, M. D., Scmukle, S. C., Egloff, B. (2006). Who is late and who is early? big five personality factors and punctuality in attending psychological experiments. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 841-848. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.003
Brooks, R. (2019). Time management and punctuality around the world. The Language Blog. Retrieved from: https://k-international.com/blog/time-management-around-the-world/
Camilleri, M. A. (2017). The tourism industry: an overview. Travel Marketing, Tourism Economics and the Airline Product, 3–27.
DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-49849-2_1
Congostrina, A. L., Núñez, J. (2019). Losing their religion? new report shows Spaniards are turning their backs on faith. El PaÃs website. Retrieved from: https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2019/04/12/inenglish/1555056887_664300.html
Davies, D. J., Thate, M. J. (2017). Religion and the individual: belief, practice, and identity. Journal of MDPI, 1-206. Retrieved from: www.mdpi.com/journal/religions
Del Castillo, J. M. (2015). Meaning, what is it. International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 3, 67-76. DOI: 10.11648/j.ijll.s.2015030601.19
Dewantoro, A. I. (2019). Mengenal budaya tepat waktu di berbagai negara. Kompasiana website. Retrieved from: https://www.kompasiana.com/awaly05790/5ca5c44395760e28072330a2/mengenal-budaya-tepat-waktu-di-berbagai-negara
Eerde, W. V., Azar, S. (2020). Too late? what do you mean? Cultural norms regarding lateness for meetings and appointments. Cross-Cultural Research, 54(2-3), 111 –129. DOI: 10.1177/1069397119866132
Ewah, S., Osang, J. E. (2018). Influence of cross cultural differences on international marketing. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(7), 363–376. DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i7/4347
Fallahi, A. 2008. An interdisciplinary analytical study on the risk preparedness of Bam and its cultural landscape, a world heritage property in danger in Iran. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 23(2), 20-29. Retrieved from: https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/ajem-may-2008-an-interdisciplinary-analytical-study-on-the-risk-preparedness-of-bam-and-its-cultural-landscape-a-world-heritage-property-in-danger-in-iran1/
Goebel, K., Camargoâ€Borges, C., & Eelderink, M. (2019). Exploring participatory action research as a driver for sustainable tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1-13. DOI:10.1002/jtr.2346
Hestianingsih. (2019) Beda makna 'on time' di 10 negara, Indonesia sampai Nigeria. Wolipop website. Retrieved from: https://wolipop.detik.com/foto-work-and-money/d-4525697/beda-makna-on-time-di-10-negara-indonesia-sampai-nigeria/1
Jensen, J. S. (2020). What is religion? (2nd ed). Retrieved from: Google Play Book
Kajidori, Y. (2015). Benefits of punctuality at work. Linked In website. Retrieved from: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/benefits-punctuality-work-yeukai-kajidori
Kopp, Carol. M. (2019). Cross culture. Investopedia website. Retrieved from: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cross-culture.asp#:~:text=Key%20Takeaways,become%20critically%20important%20to%20businesses.
Ojumu, B. (2016). Literature: myths and legends. Passnownow website. https://passnownow.com/literature-myths-legends
Pujiyanti, U., Zuliani, F. R. (2014). Culture and language. Cross Cultural Understanding: A Handbook To Understand Others’ Cultures, 1-166. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/24720524/CROSS_CULTURAL_UNDERSTANDING_A_HANDBOOK_TO_UNDERSTAND_OTHERS_CULTURES
Rahayu, S. (2020). Kekuatan dan peran agama di Indonesia. Kompasiana website Retrieved from: https://www.kompasiana.com/shintarahayu/5e7463f865eaa1329071b192/kekuatan-dan-peran-agama-di-indonesia
Reisinger, Y. (2009). Culture and cultural behaviour. International Tourism Cultures and Behaviour (1st ed), 3-391. DOI: http://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~dpolsek/sociologija%20turizma/yvette%20reisinger%20culture%20and%20tourism.pdf
Susana, E. (2018). Moral value in Charlotte Bronte’s novel Jane Eyre. The 1st Annual International Conference on Language and Literature, KnE Social Sciences, 287–294. DOI: 10.18502/kss.v3i4.1940
Syamsudin, D. (2017). Perbedaan agama justru satukan Indonesia. Republika.co.id website. Retrieved from: https://republika.co.id/berita/p0tqdq335/perbedaan-agama-justru-satukan-indonesia
Tinsley, R. L., Woloshin, D. J. (2016). Approaching German culture: a tentative analysis. American Association of Teachers of German, Wiley, 7(1), 125-136. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3529324
Wolkenhauer, A. (2019). Time, punctuality, and chronotopes: concepts and attitudes concerning short time in ancient Rome. Down to the Hour: Short Time in the Ancient Mediterranean and Near East, 214–238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004416291_009
Zofi, Y. (2017). 5 Strategies for effective cross-cultural interactions. International Association of Business Communicators. Retrieved from : https://www.iabc.com/5-strategies-for-engaging-in-effective-cross-cultural-interactions/
